P0 gene silencing constructs and use

ABSTRACT

The present invention is related to a method for conveying viral resistance or tolerance to one or more virus(es), in particular to beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) and to beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) or to BMYV alone in a plant, in particular in a sugar beet plant. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the virus resistant or -tolerant plant obtained according to this method, as well as to seeds and progeny derived therefrom.

This application is a National Stage Application of PCT/EP2012/061436, filed 15 Jun. 2012, which claims benefit of Ser. No. 11171196.6, filed 23 Jun. 2011 in Europe and which applications are incorporated herein by reference. To the extent appropriate, a claim of priority is made to each of the above disclosed applications.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is related to a method for conveying viral resistance or tolerance to one or more virus(es), in particular to beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) and to beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) or to BMYV alone in a plant, in particular in a sugar beet plant. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the virus-resistant or -tolerant plant obtained according to this method, as well as to seeds and progeny derived therefrom.

The present invention also relates to gene silencing constructs, especially hairpin constructs mediating BMYV, or BMYV and BNYVV RNA silencing and their use.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Plant viruses are a serious problem for many of the major agricultural crops, as virus infections cause large harvest losses.

In sugar beet, the major causes of diseases are: (i) yellowing caused by a polerovirus, the Beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) transmitted by its principal vector Myzus persicae in a persistent manner; (ii) sugar beet rhizomania caused by a benyvirus, the Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), transmitted by Polymyxa betae. Extensive use of resistant against BNYVV permitted to preserve yields, however resistant breaking viral isolates are occurring and there is an urgent need for novel resistant varieties.

Fungus-transmitted viruses, such as BNYVV may be retained in resting spores in soil for years once a field becomes infested. As no effective chemical or physical methods exist for eliminating the virus, neither in the plants nor in the soil, the only option for the sugar beet farmer is the use of genetically resistant cultivars. Several companies have provided a number of tolerant, even partially resistant varieties through breeding. This is, however, a very tedious and time-consuming process, generally taking a long time before useful resistant plants are obtained.

The rapid revolution in the areas of plant engineering has led to the development of new strategies to confer genetic resistance to viruses. Resistance to viral diseases through the introduction of portions of viral genome sequences whereby the viral sequence (construct) is transformed into a plant cell and a plant, has become a new source of resistance.

Sugar beet is known to be recalcitrant species in genetic engineering, complicating a possible successful induction of viral resistance.

A few examples of engineering tolerance, for instance to the BNYVV by transforming and expressing the BNYVV coat-protein sequence in the sugar beet genome, have been published (WO91/13159) though there are only rare report data on whole functional transgenic sugar beet plants, such as those disclosed in EP 1 169 463 B1. In particular, reports show limited data on the level of resistance observed in infected conditions with transgenic sugar beet plants transformed with a gene encoding a BNYVV coat-protein sequence.

The genome of beet necrotic yellow vein furovirus (BNYVV) consists of five plus-sense RNAs, two of which (RNAs 1 and 2) encode functions essential for infection of all plants while the other three (RNAs 3, 4 and 5) are implicated in vector-mediated infection of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) roots. Cell-to-cell movement of BNYVV is governed by a set of three successive, slightly overlapping viral genes on RNA 2 known as the triple gene block (TGB), which encode, in order, the viral proteins P42, P13 and P15 (gene products are designated by their calculated Mr in kilodalton).

The genome of BMYV consists of a linear plus-sense RNA with six major open reading frames (ORFs 0-5). ORFs 1 and 2 encode proteins involved in virus replication, while each of the other three ORFs (ORFs 3, 4 and 5) codes for structural proteins (major and minor coat proteins) and a putative movement protein.

It has been shown that P0 protein of BMYV has a poor expression, a consequence of unfavorable initiation codon context of the P0 AUG and a strong tendency to maintain a low expression. Furthermore, this part of the genome is highly variable, and this sequence diversity has been exploited to discriminate the different species.

Diseases caused by BNYVV are shown to expand geographically, at a speed depending upon the combination of numerous local environmental and agricultural factors. Therefore there is a need to improve the genetic resistance mechanisms which may, alone or in combination, confer a stable and long lasting resistance of sugar beet plants which are grown for industrial use.

STATE OF THE ART

The patent application WO 2007/128755 discloses a TGB-3 sequence used to reduce and/or suppress the deleterious effects of wild type TGB-3 in plants, in order to generate virus-resistant transgenic plants especially sugar beets resistant to Beet necrotic yellow vein virus.

Carmen Simon-Mateo et al., Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1809 No. 11-12, pages 722-731, 2011, discloses different anti-viral strategies used to obtain viral resistant plants in the last 25 years.

A. Kozlowska-Makulska et al., Journal of General Virology Vol. 91, No. 4, pages 1082-1091, 2010, discloses the RNA silencing suppressor activity of P0 proteins from different isolates of the beet-infected poleroviruses beet chlorisis virus and beet mild yellowing virus.

Pu Yan et al. Journal of Virological Methods Vol. 166, No. 1-2, pages 101-105, 2010, discloses RNA silencing constructs to develop virus-resistant plants through expression of virus-derived hairpin RNAs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides methods and means to confer viral tolerance or resistance that do not present the drawbacks of the state of the art, preferably methods and means that confer tolerance, resistance, preferably extreme or total resistance, especially BMYV (Beet mild yellowing virus) viral tolerance or resistance (including extreme or total BMYV resistance) or preferably combined BMYV (Beet mild yellowing virus) and BNYVV (Beet necrotic yellow vein virus) tolerance or resistance (including extreme or total BMYV and BNYVV resistance) in a plant cell or in a plant, in particular in a sugar beet plant cell or in a sugar beet plant (possibly generated from this plant cell).

The present invention further provides genetically modified or transformed plant cells obtainable as such, or obtained from this method, and that may be generated into plants that exhibit these increased tolerance or resistance to the mentioned plant viruses.

The invention also provides progeny, i.e. virus tolerant or virus resistant progeny, seeds or other reproducible organs or structures originating from this transformed plant or plant cells.

A first aspect of the present invention is a RNA construct comprising a sense segment sequence and an antisense segment sequence having sequences deduced from P0 gene (or from the gene encoding B0 protein) of BMYV genome or from an ortholog gene, wherein said sense segment and said antisense segment sequences both comprise a nucleotide fragment having sequence sharing at least 85% of sequence identity with the P0 gene from BMYV genome or from an ortholog gene.

Preferably, in this RNA construct, the sense segment and/or antisense segment sequence(s) further comprise(s) a nucleotide fragment having sequence(s) sharing at least 85% of sequence identity with the 5′-end untranslated sequence (5′ UTR) adjacent to the P0 gene nucleotide sequence.

More preferably in this RNA construct, the sense segment and antisense segment sequences comprise a nucleotide fragment having sequences sharing at least 85% of sequence identity with the P0 gene from BMYV genome.

Advantageously, in this RNA construct, the sense segment and antisense segment sequences further comprise a nucleotide fragment having sequences sharing at least 85% of sequence identity with P1 gene of BMYV genome.

Possibly, in these RNA constructs, the sense segment comprises or consists of the sequence SEQ.ID.NO:1 and/or the antisense segment comprises or consists of the sequence SEQ.ID.NO:3.

Advantageously, in these RNA constructs, the sense segment and antisense segment sequences further both comprise a nucleotide fragment sharing at least 85% of sequence identity with the BNYVV genome.

A related aspect of the present invention is a DNA construct transcriptable into this (these) RNA construct(s).

Another related aspect is a vector comprising the nucleotide sequence of these (DNA) nucleic acid constructs.

Another related aspect is a double stranded self-complementary RNA molecule expressed by these DNA construct or vector.

The present invention also relates to a method for inducing tolerance or resistance, preferably total resistance to at least the BMYV virus and possibly another virus, in a plant or a plant cell, the said method comprising the steps of: preparing the nucleic acid construct of the present invention (e.g. comprising a sequence deduced from P0 gene and/or of BMYV genome), operably linked to one or more regulatory sequence (s) active in the plant or the plant cell, and transforming the plant cell with the nucleic acid construct, thereby inducing resistance to at least the BMYV virus in the plant or in the plant cell.

Advantageously, this method further induces tolerance the another virus, which is selected from the group consisting of the Turnip yellows virus, Curcubit aphid-borne yellows virus, Potato leafroll virus, Sugarcane yellow leaf virus, Pea Enation Mosaic Virus, Beet western yellows virus-USA, Beet chlorosis virus, Cereal yellow dwarf virus and BNYVV virus, preferably the BNYVV virus.

A related aspect is a method for inducing tolerance to at least the BMYV virus comprising the step of preparing a nucleic acid construct comprising a sense and an antisense segments deduced from BNYVV nucleotide sequence, being preferably deduced from the gene encoding the P15 protein of the said BNYVV.

Still a related aspect is the use of a nucleotide sequence comprising a sequence deduced from P0 gene and/or of BMYV genome and/or of the RNA, DNA or vector of the present invention for inducing tolerance or resistance, preferably total resistance to BMYV virus and/or to BNYVV virus, in a plant or a plant cell.

Another aspect is a transgenic plant or a transgenic plant cell tolerant or resistant, preferably totally resistant to at least the BMYV virus and possibly one or more other(s) virus(es) and comprising a nucleic acid construct able to express the nucleotide sequence of the present invention (comprising a sequence deduced from P0 gene and/or from BMYV genome), operably linked to one or more regulatory sequence (s) active in the plant or the plant cell, comprising the vector of the present invention, or comprising a double stranded self-complementary RNA molecule of the present invention.

Preferably, this transgenic plant or transgenic plant cell is resistant to another virus, which is selected from the group consisting of the Turnip yellows virus, Curcubit aphid-borne yellows virus, Potato leafroll virus, Sugarcane yellow leaf virus, Pea Enation Mosaic Virus, Beet western yellows virus-USA, Beet chlorosis virus, Cereal yellow dwarf virus and BNYVV virus, preferably the BNYVV virus.

Preferably, this transgenic plant or transgenic plant cell is selected from the group consisting of lettuce, cucumber, potato, sugarcane, pea, barley and sugar beet, being preferably a sugar beet or a sugar beet cell.

A related aspect is a transgenic plant tissue and/or reproducible structure derived from this transgenic plant cell (according to the present invention), wherein said tissue is selected from the group consisting of fruit, stem, root, tuber, and seed or wherein said reproducible structure is selected from the group consisting of calluses, buds or embryos.

SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A and B represent a fragment of viral P0 sequence according to the invention (FIGS. 1A and B; SEQ.ID.NO:13) with a sense P0 nucleotide sequence (SEQ.ID.NO:1, shorter than the whole P0 sequence SEQ ID NO: 17) and a corresponding homologous antisense P0 nucleotide sequence (bold, SEQ.ID.NO:3) interspersed with a petunia intron sequence of 1352 bp (bold underlined, SEQ.ID.NO:11). A few nucleotides in FIG. 1B are indicated in bold italic. These correspond to the 5′ UTR of the viral BMYV genome. Other few nucleotides in italic and underlined in FIG. 1B and do not belong to P0 nor to the intron, but are still present as these are the remains of the cloning strategy. A construct comprising the full hairpin (SEQ.ID.NO:13) is also referred to as hpP0 construct 1.

FIG. 2 (A and B) represents another fragment of viral P0 sequence according to the invention (FIGS. 2A and B; SEQ.ID.NO:14) with a sense P0 nucleotide sequence and an antisense P0 nucleotide sequence (bold) interspersed with a beet intron sequence of 91 bp (bold underlined, SEQ.ID.NO:12). A few nucleotides in FIG. 2B are indicated in bold italic. These correspond to the 5′ UTR of the viral BMYV genome. Other few nucleotides in italic and underlined in FIG. 2B that neither belong to P0 nor belong to the intron, are still present as these are the remains of the cloning strategy. The sense and antisense P0 nucleotide sequences herein are the same as those given in FIG. 1B. A construct comprising the full hairpin (SEQ.ID.NO:14) is also referred to as hpP0 construct 2.

FIG. 3 highlights the differences in the 5′-end of SEQ.ID.NO:1 compared to the 5′-end of the P0 BMYV coding sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 17. The underlined sequence of FIG. 3 corresponds to the non functional 5′ leader sequence of SEQ.ID.NO:1.

FIG. 4 (A and B) is a schematic representation of the pFGC5941 vector into which a fragment of P0 gene was introduced in sense (SEQ.ID. NO:1) and antisense (SEQ.ID. NO:3) orientation, interspersed either by an intronic sequence of the Chalcone Synthase A gene of petunia (CHSA; SEQ.ID. NO:11) (FIG. 4A, pFGC5941, construct 1; SEQ.ID. NO:13), or interspersed by a beet intronic sequence (SEQ.ID. NO:12) of 91 nt (FIG. 4B, pFGC5941, construct 2; SEQ.ID. NO:14). CaMV 35S promoter: promoter 35S of CaMV; OCS 3′: polyadenylation signal of the octopine synthase gene; MAS promoter: promoter of the mannopine synthase gene; MAS 3′: polyadenylation signal of the mannopine synthase gene; BAR: Basta herbicide resistance gene; pVS1: replication origin of pVS1; NPTII: Kanamycine resistance gene; LB, RB: left and right T-DNA borders.

FIG. 5 is a statistical analysis of the resistance test obtained with construct 1 (hpP0u with the petunia intron). Each histogram represents the mean BMYV titre with standard error on 10 BMYV-inoculated plants (Y). hp: hairpin; Inf: infected. In the Y axis: optical density (A₄₀₅) obtained by ELISA 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.2. In the X axis, from left to right: transgenic lines: hpP0-7, hpP0-8, hpP0-9, hpP0-10, hpP0-11 and hpP0-12; BMYV-infected control: Col0 Inf; Col0 healthy.

FIG. 6 is a statistical analysis of the resistance test obtained with construct 2 (hpP0u with the beet intron). Each histogram represents the mean BMYV titre with standard error on 10 BMYV-inoculated plants (Y). hp: hairpin; hpP0: construct 1; hpP0beet: construct 2; Inf: infected. In the Y axis: optical density (A₄₀₅) obtained by ELISA 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3. In the X axis, from left to right: transgenic lines: hpP0-12 (construct 1), hpP0beet-1 (construct 2), hpP0beet-2, hpP0beet-3, hpP0beet-4, hpP0beet-5, hpP0beet-6, hpP0beet-7 and hpP0beet-8; BMYV-infected control: Col0 Inf; Col0 healthy.

FIG. 7 is a statistical analysis of the resistance test obtained with constructs 1 and 2 respectively. Each histogram represents the mean virus titre with standard error on 10 inoculated plants (Y). The histograms with dark grey colour represent the infection by BMYV-EK clone and the histograms with light grey, the infection by BMYV-2itb isolate by aphid transmission method respectively. hp: hairpin; hpP0: construct 1; hpP0beet: construct 2; Inf: infected. In the Y axis: optical density (A₄₀₅) obtained by ELISA 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5. In the X axis, from left to right: transgenic lines: hpP0-9 (construct 1), hpP0-10, hpP0-12, hpP0beet-2 (construct 2), hpP0beet-7 and hpP0beet-8; infected control: Col0 Inf; Col0 healthy.

FIG. 8 represents the WT P0 sequence (SEQ.ID.NO:17 and 18).

FIG. 9 (A and B) represents the sequence of the hairpin construct hpP15A4-P0 according to the invention (FIGS. 9A and B, SEQ.ID.NO:15) with a sense P15A4-P0 nucleotide sequence (SEQ.ID.NO:7, italic nucleotides for P15A4 sequence with the 3 mutations underlined and usual nucleotides for P0 sequence; compared to WT P15: A is replaced by C and AG by GC.) and SEQ.ID.NO:8 corresponding to an antisense P15A4-P0 nucleotide sequence (bold italic for P15A4 and bold for P0) interspersed with a beet intron sequence of 91 bp (bold underlined, SEQ.ID.NO:12). A few nucleotides in FIG. 9B are indicated in bold italic and underlined. These correspond to the 5′ UTR of the viral BMYV genome. Other few nucleotides underlined in FIG. 9B that neither belong to P15A4-P0 nor belong to the intron, are still present as these are the remains of the cloning strategy. A construct comprising the full hairpin (SEQ.ID.NO:15) is also referred to as hpP15A4-P0 construct 1.

FIG. 10 (A and B) represents the sequence of the hairpin constructs hpP0-P15A4-A and hpP0-P15A4-B according to the invention (FIGS. 10A and B, SEQ.ID.NO:16) with a sense P0-P15A4 nucleotide sequence (SEQ.ID.NO:9, usual nucleotides for P0 sequence and italic nucleotides for P15A4 sequence with the 3 mutations underlined) and SEQ.ID.NO:10 corresponding to an antisense P0-P15A4 nucleotide sequence (bold for P0 and bold italic for P15A4) interspersed with a beet intron sequence of 91 bp (bold underlined, SEQ.ID.NO:12). The difference between the two hairpin constructs is the presence of two additional nucleotides in P15A4 sequence (boxed nucleotides) for the hpP0-P15A4-B construct. A few nucleotides in FIG. 10B are indicated in bold italic and underlined. These correspond to the 5′UTR of the viral BMYV genome. Other few nucleotides underlined in FIG. 10B that neither belong to P0-P15A4 nor belong to the intron, are still present as these are the remains of the cloning strategy. A construct comprising the full hairpin (SEQ.ID.NO:16) is also referred to as hpP0-P15A4-A construct 2 and as hpP0-P15A4-B construct 3.

FIG. 11 (A and B) is a schematic representation of the pFGC5941 vector into which a P15A4-P0 sequence or P0-P15A4 sequence was introduced in sense and antisense orientation, interspersed by a beet intronic sequence of 91 nt (FIG. 11A, pFGChpP15A4-P0, construct 1 and FIG. 11B, pFGChpP0-P15A4-A and pFGChpP0-P15A4-B, construct 2 and 3 respectively). CaMV 35S promoter: promoter 35S of CaMV; OCS 3′: polyadenylation signal of the octopine synthase gene; MAS promoter: promoter of the mannopine synthase gene; MAS 3′: polyadenylation signal of the mannopine synthase gene; BAR: Basta herbicide resistance gene; pVS1: replication origin of pVS1; NPTII: Kanamycine resistance gene; LB, RB: left and right T-DNA borders.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Considering the occurrence of both viruses within sugar beet growing areas, the inventors have developed transgenic plants that are resistant towards one or both (BMYV and/or BNYVV) viruses, or even additional viruses able to infect the same plant.

Indeed, BNYVV is a major concern and the inventors anticipate that BMYV prevalence also risks to grow.

A first aspect of the present invention is related to a RNA construct (such as a hairpin RNA preferably described hereafter as hpP0) comprising sense (RNA) segment and antisense (RNA) segment (both) having sequences deduced (i.e. sharing at least 85% of sequence identity) from P0 gene (or nucleotide sequence) or from the gene (nucleotide sequence encoding B0 protein) of BMYV genome or from orthologs genes or having sequences deduced (i.e. sharing at least 85% of sequence identity) from BMYV genome.

Advantageously, this (hairpin; hpP0) RNA construct comprises a sense (RNA) segment and an antisense (RNA) segment (both) further comprising (RNA) (sense and/or antisense) fragments deduced (i.e. sharing at least 85% of identity) from the 5′-untranslated (5′-UTR) region of BMYV (adjacent to this gene encoding P0 of BMYV or orthologs genes) and/or this (hairpin) RNA construct comprises a sense RNA segment and an antisense RNA segment having sequences deduced from both a nucleotide fragment of the 5′-UTR and from a (an adjacent) nucleotide fragment of the P0 nucleotide sequence of BMYV or of orthologs genes.

Preferably, these fragments of the 5′-UTR and of the P0 nucleotide sequence are adjacent in the BMYV genome.

This RNA hairpin, when comprising a fragment of the 5′ UTR and of P0, is preferably referred in the present invention to hpP0u nucleotide sequence.

Possibly (but less preferably), this (hpP0 and/or hpP0u (RNA) hairpin(s)) construct(s) according to the invention do not comprise a fragment having a sequence deduced from another virus, such as BNYVV genome.

Advantageously, these RNA (hairpin; hpP0 and/or hpP0u) construct(s) according to the invention comprises a sense RNA segment and an antisense RNA segment further having (a fragment being) sequences deduced from the BNYVV genome, preferably in addition to the 5′ UTR sequence from BMYV genome (adjacent to P0) and/or these RNA (hairpin; hpP0 and/or hpP0u) construct(s) comprises a sense RNA segment and antisense RNA segment (comprising a fragment having sequence deduced from P0 gene) both further comprising a nucleotide fragment sharing at least 85% of sequence identity with (a part of) the BNYVV genome.

More preferably, this sense and antisense RNA segments deduced from the BNYVV genome are sense and/or antisense sequences corresponding to (a part of) the P15 sequence of the BNYVV genome (when it is a hairpin, there are here below referred to hpP0-P15 or hpP0u-P15, the latter further containing a nucleotide fragment deduced from the 5′ UTR sequence of the BMYV genome).

Advantageously, this hpP0 and/or hpP0u RNA (hairpin) construct(s) also comprises a sense and antisense nucleotide (RNA) fragments having sequences deduced from P1 nucleotide sequence of BMYV.

In the context of the present invention, ‘orthologs’ refer to genes in different species that retain the same function (e.g. in the course of evolution). An example of ortholog genes of P0 gene (or nucleotide sequence) of BMYV genome is provided at table 1.

TABLE 1 non-exhaustive list of identified P0 sequence orthologs Virus Size of P0 Host Turnip yellows virus 27.5 kDa lettuce (formerly BWYV-FL1) Curcubit aphid-borne 26.4 kDa cucumber yellows virus Potato leafroll virus 27.2 kDa potato Sugarcane yellow 28.3 kDa sugarcane leaf virus Pea Enation Mosaic Virus  34 kDa pea Beet western 26.3 kDa sugar beet yellows virus-USA Beet chlorosis virus 27.4 kDa sugar beet Cereal yellow dwarf virus 28.3 kDa barley

In the context of the present invention, the term “segment” refers to a nucleotide (RNA) sense and/or antisense nucleotide sequence(s) able to be used in gene silencing. A segment can therefore be as short as 10 (preferably at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35 or 40) nucleotides, but can also span over several genes and/or genes and adjacent (5′-) untranslated regions (5′ UTR). The preferred segment spans over (the 5′ part of) P0 gene (or nucleotide sequence) and the adjacent 5′ UTR.

In the context of the present invention, the term “fragment” refers to a nucleotide (RNA) sense sequence and/or antisense nucleotide sequence having a sequence deduced from a target viral nucleotide sequence. A fragment can therefore be as short as 10 (preferably at least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35 or 40) nucleotides, but can also span over more than a gene.

In the context of the present invention, possibly, several fragments are associated to form a (RNA) sense and/or antisense segment(s).

Possibly (especially in the case of two fragments deduced from the genome of different viruses are associated), the fragments are associated via a linker or spacer (not derived from the target viral sequence) sequence to form a (RNA) sense segment and/or an (RNA) antisense segment(s).

Preferably, in the present invention, the 5′ UTR fragment and the adjacent P0 fragment are associated without a linker or a spacer sequence.

These constructs may comprise modified sequences (mutated sequences).

Therefore, the term “sequence deduced” refers to nucleotide sequences having at least 85% (more preferably, at least 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or even 100%) of sequence identity with the mentioned gene. For instance a sequence deduced from P0 gene (or sequence) of BMYV genome refers preferably to a nucleotide sequence having at least 85% of sequence identity with the sequence SEQ.ID.NO:17.

Preferably, these constructs do not contain more than 15% of mutated residues by comparison to the wild-type sequence (SEQ.ID.NO:17) and/or to the sequence SEQ.ID.NO:1 or the sequence SEQ.ID.NO:3.

Advantageously, these (RNA) constructs (including segments and, more preferably fragments) have a size higher than about 25 nucleotides, preferably higher than about 50 nucleotides.

Possibly, these (RNA) constructs (in the form of sense segment and/or of antisense segment) have a size lower than about 10000 nucleotides, possibly lower than about 5000, about 3000, about 2000 or about 1000 nucleotides.

Preferably, the sense (RNA) segment and/or the antisense (RNA) segment (having sequence deduced from the 5′ UTR of P0) comprise fragment(s) that spans over at least 5 nucleotides, more preferably at least 10 nucleotides, still more preferably at least 20 nucleotides of the 5′ UTR (adjacent to the P0 gene), but possibly over less than 40 nucleotides and preferably over less than 30 nucleotides of this 5′ UTR (adjacent to the P0 gene).

The molecular characterization of the plant material demonstrated the presence of small RNA molecules complementary to both sense and antisense of the BMYV P0 sequence, indicating that the silencing mechanism was obtained and triggered the degradation of the genomic RNA.

These RNA (hairpin) constructs efficiently trigger PTGS, targeting the degradation of the transcribed RNA of BMYV (or of both BMYV and BNYVV).

The inventors have indeed found a more potent inhibition of BMYV (and of BNYVV) by the constructions harbouring a 5′ UTR of BMYV, in addition to P0 (possibly in addition to (fragments) sequences deduced from the BNYVV genome).

For instance, when using the hpP0-P15 nucleotide construct, the inventors noticed the production of siRNAs targeting the BMYV sequence, but also the BNYVV RNA2 sequence, resulting into a very efficient and unexpected inhibition of both viral infections.

In the case of this double construct, the inventors noticed a more pronounced reduction of both viral infections (BMYV and/or BNYVV) than if using a comparable construct targeting exclusively BNYVV or BMYV.

A related aspect is a RNA construct (such as a hairpin RNA) comprising sense (RNA) segment and antisense (RNA) segment (both) having sequences deduced (i.e. sharing at least 85% of sequence identity) from BMYV genome (or nucleotide sequence thereof).

Preferably, the RNA construct (such as a hairpin RNA) deduced from BMYV genome comprising sense (RNA) segment and antisense (RNA) segment has a sense sequence deduced (i.e. sharing at least 85% of sequence identity) from the 5′-half of the BMYV genome and/or form the group consisting of nucleotides of BMYV genome encoding P0, P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 proteins, more preferably from the nucleotides of BMYV genome encoding P1 or P2 proteins.

Advantageously, these (RNA) constructs deduced from BMYV genome (including segments and, more preferably fragments) have a size higher than about 25 nucleotides, preferably higher than about 50 nucleotides.

Possibly, these (RNA) constructs deduced from BMYV genome (in the form of sense segment and/or of antisense segment) have a size lower than about 10000 nucleotides, possibly lower than about 5000, about 3000, about 2000 or about 1000 nucleotides.

Conversely, the inventors tested the effect of RNA constructs (in the form of hairpins) having a sequence deduced exclusively from BNYVV genome (such as the sequence encoding the P15 protein) or from BMYV genome.

These hairpin P15 constructs deduced from BNYVV resulted into a reduced BNYVV infection in plants co-infected by both viruses (by comparison to control constructs), but also induced some reduction of BMYV symptoms (by comparison to control constructs).

These hairpin hpP0 and especially hpP0u constructs deduced from BMYV resulted into a reduced BMYV infection in plants co-infected by both viruses (by comparison to control constructs), but also induced reduction of the symptoms due to BNYVV infection (by comparison to control constructs).

Two BMYV nucleotide sequences were tested as hpP0u nucleotide construct (sequence SEQ.ID.NO:13 or 14).

The nucleotide sequence of SEQ.ID.NO:1, 13 or 14 can be compared to the sequence SEQ.ID.NO:17, which is the sequence of the wild type P0 nucleotide (see FIG. 8). The length of the sequence SEQ.ID.NO:1 is shorter than the nucleotide sequence of the sequence SEQ.ID.NO:17 (659 nt versus 720 nt) and it contains the 5′ UTR of the viral genome (underlined nucleotides) except the first 5′ end nucleotide.

Advantageously, the sense and antisense P0 nucleotide sequence are comprised into one molecule, and/or the sense P0 RNA segment and the antisense P0 RNA segment are comprised into one single RNA molecule. Advantageously, the RNA molecule according to the invention is capable of folding such that said RNA segments comprised therein form a double-stranded hairpin RNA molecule.

As used herein “hairpin RNA” refers to any self-annealing double stranded RNA molecule. In its simplest representation, a hairpin RNA consists of a double stranded stem made up by the annealing RNA strands, connected to a single stranded RNA loop. However, the term “hairpin RNA” is also intended to encompass more complicated secondary RNA structures comprising self-annealing double stranded RNA sequences, but also internal bulges and loops. The specific secondary structure adapted will be determined by the free energy of the RNA molecule, and can be predicted for different situations using appropriate software, such as FOLDRNA.

Alternatively the sense and antisense P0 nucleotide sequences may be present (or encoded) in or on two separate molecules or nucleotide sequences, which may be administered or provided to a plant cell simultaneously and/or consecutively, so that, when transcribed, a double-stranded RNA molecule can form by base-pairing.

The present invention is also related to a DNA construct transcriptable into the RNA construct(s) of the invention and to a vector comprising this DNA construct, in particular an expression (and/or self replicating vector (such as a plasmid or a viral vector)) vector or expression cassette (or system), preferably encoding a sense and an antisense RNA segments having sequences deduced from the P0 sequence(s), operably linked with one or more regulatory sequences (promoter or operator sequence, including a polyA sequence), active into a plant or a plant cell, preferably into a specific tissue (preferably the root) of the plant.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a transgenic plant or plant cell, such as Arabidopsis thaliana or sugar beet plant (Beta vulgaris) that is transformed with the nucleotide (DNA) construct, the vector and/or the RNA molecule according to the invention.

Advantageously, there is low, and even no, viral amplification in inoculated plant transformed with the fragment(s) of P0 nucleotide sequence(s) according to the invention.

Preferably, the DNA sequences according to the invention are stably integrated in the genome of the plant cell being transformed with the genetically modified P0 viral sequences according to the invention and/or with a vector comprising these sequences.

Alternatively, the transgene comprising a genetically modified P0 nucleotide sequence according to the present invention may be located on an episome or a self-replicating vector. Examples of self-replicating vectors are viruses, in particular gemini viruses or plasmids.

Numerous transformation vectors available for plant transformation are known to those of ordinary skill in the art, and the DNA or nucleotide constructs according to this invention (comprising the genetically modified P0 viral sequence) can be used in conjunction with any such vectors. The selection of vector depends upon the preferred transformation technique.

The components of the expression system may be modified, for instance to increase expression of the sense and antisense RNA segments.

The promoter operably linked to the sense and/or antisense nucleotide sequences according to the invention may be a native promoter of the cell to transform. The promoter alternatively can be a heterologous promoter, for example a tissue specific promoter, a developmentally regulated promoter, a constitutive promoter or an inducible promoter. Appropriate promoters are well known to person skilled in the art. In the present invention strong heterologous promoters that are active in root tissues or are primarily active therein (when expression in other tissues is not desired) are preferred.

A variety of transcriptional terminators are available for use in expression cassettes. These are responsible for the termination of transcription beyond the transgene and its correct poly-adenylation. Appropriate transcriptional terminators are those that are known to function in plants and include the CaMV 35S terminator, the tm/terminator, the opaline synthase terminator and the pea rbcS E9 terminator and the like.

The sense and antisense nucleotide sequences (segments) in the (genetically modified) P0 viral sequence according to the invention, preferably are under the control of one single promoter, especially when both segments are comprised in one single nucleotide (hairpin) sequence. They may, however, also be each under the control of a different promoter (for instance when the RNA construct is made of segments being 2 different molecules). Id est, the sense DNA sequence may be operably linked to a first promoter and the antisense DNA sequence operably linked to a second promoter. The first promoter and the second promoter may be the same promoter or may be different promoters. The promoter may be a divergent or bi-directional promoter capable of initiating transcription of DNA sequences (into the two RNA segments) on each side of the promoter.

The RNA or DNA construct or sequence according to the invention, apart from a sense and antisense modified (P0) viral nucleotide (fragment) sequence, advantageously further comprise a linker or spacer nucleotide sequence between the DNA sequences encoding the sense and antisense RNA segments

It is expected that there are no length limits or sequence requirements associated with the spacer region, as long as these parameters do not interfere with the capability of the RNA regions with the sense and antisense nucleotide (segment) sequence to form a double stranded RNA. Preferably, the spacer region or sequence varies in length from about 5 to about 1000 bp, more preferably, from about 10 to about 500 bp, still more preferably from about 50 to about 200 bp.

A preferred spacer or linker nucleotide sequence is an intron sequence, preferably one in sense orientation, enhancing the efficiency of reduction of expression of the target nucleotide sequence. The enhancement in efficiency may be expressed as an increase in the frequency of plants wherein silencing occurs or as an increase in the level of reduction of viral expression.

Preferred intron nucleotide sequences (or introns) are derived from plant genes, like presumed ribosomal RNA genes or highly transcribed plant genes. These introns may be derived from any plant gene, yet preferably are derived from dicotyledonous plant genes, e.g. from Petunia genes, yet most preferably are derived from (sugar) beet genes. It is also possible to use only part of these (plant) introns, for instance at least the borders containing splicing signals (see below). The whole of these introns and parts thereof in the context of the invention are referred to as “intron fragments” or “intron sequences”.

A preferred length for such intron nucleotide sequences is between about 5 and about 1000 bp, preferably between about 50 and about 600 bp, more preferably of between about 90 and about 550 bp. Preferred intron sequences comprise the sequence SEQ ID NO 11 or 12, or even more preferably consist of the sequence SEQ ID NO 11 or 12.

The RNA construct, comprising the sense and antisense nucleotide (segment) sequences capable of forming for instance a hairpin structure, which are produced by the transcription of the corresponding recombinant DNA, can also be introduced directly in a plant cell.

Such RNA molecules could be produced e.g. by

-   -   cloning the DNA region capable of being transcribed into an RNA         molecule with a nucleotide sequence comprising a sense         nucleotide (segment) sequence of at least 10 (preferably at         least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 or more) consecutive nucleotides         having between 75 and 100% sequence identity with (at least part         of) the nucleotide sequence of interest and an antisense         nucleotide (segment) having at least 10 nucleotides, (preferably         at least about 15 nt, 20 nt, particularly at least about 50 nt,         more particularly at least about 100 nt, especially at least         about 150 nt, more especially at least about 200 nt, 250 nt, 300         nt, quite especially at least about 350 nt or about 400 nt,) and         having between about 75% to about 100% sequence identity with         the complement of nucleotides of the sense nucleotide sequence         (and with the target mRNA), whereby this RNA construct         (comprising a sense and an antisense segments) is capable of         forming a double stranded RNA by base-pairing between the         regions with sense and antisense nucleotide sequence resulting         for instance in a hairpin RNA structure;     -   performing an in vitro transcription reaction by adding inter         alia the suitable DNA-dependent RNA polymerase as well as the         required reagents to generate the RNA molecules; and     -   isolating the RNA molecules.

The invention also further provides a BMYV and/or BNYVV resistant or tolerant plant that comprises in the genome of at least part of its cells, preferably in substantially all of its cells, a (genetically modified; sense and/or antisense and/or hairpin) P0 sequence (and possibly also a sense and/or antisense and/or hairpin sequence deduced from the genome of BNYVV) according to the invention and/or a vector comprising same, which, when transcribed, yields an RNA molecule that triggers PTGS of BMYV and possibly of BNYVV. Also provided is a BMYV and/or BNYVV resistant or tolerant plant that comprise in at least part of their cells, preferably in substantially all of their cells, an RNA molecule according to the invention to achieve the above-described effect.

A “plant” refers to any plant or part of a plant at any stage of development. Therein are also included cuttings, cell or tissue cultures and seeds. As used in conjunction with the present invention, the term “plant tissue” includes, but is not limited to, whole plants, plant cells, plant organs, plant seeds, protoplasts, callus, cell cultures, and any groups of plant cells organized into structural and/or functional units. The latter are also referred to as (vegetatively) reproducible structures meaning that they may be regenerated into a whole plant.

The obtained transformed plant, plant tissues and plant material can be used in a conventional breeding and plant propagation or regeneration schemes to produce more transformed plants with the same characteristics (virus resistance or tolerance) or to introduce the DNA construct according to the present invention in other varieties of the same or a related plant species.

“Virus resistance or tolerance” means herein that a resistant or tolerant cell or plant is either not susceptible or has reduced susceptibility to one or more viruses as compared to a sensitive cell or plant. In the present case, resistance and preferably extreme resistance to BMYV and/or BNYVV infections are envisaged. Tolerance, for instance, means that the usual symptoms of a virus infection are absent or reduced, or that accumulation or replication of the virus in the cell is prevented or reduced, or that movement of the virus, for instance from cell to cell is prevented or reduced.

The invention will now be further described by reference to the following detailed (non limiting) examples.

EXAMPLES

To study the functionality of the PTGS inducing P0 sequence, a binary Agrobacterium vector, for instance, according to FIGS. 4A and 4B was constructed.

The creation of the DNA constructs according to the invention and the cloning of these constructs into Agrobacterium tumefaciens ((disarmed) GV3101 strain) was performed according to methods and techniques well known in the art. The (P0) sense and antisense fragments and the introns were generated by genetic amplification (PCR) including specific restrictions sites at the ends. Mixed together with the vector backbone, only one recombination/insertion of the fragments was possible based on the compatibility of these specific sites at the end of the fragments.

The Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 carrying a hairpin construct was used to mediate transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana by the Floral dip method.

Leaf material of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana was infected by the BMYV-2itb natural isolate using aphid transmission or by BMYV-EK strain issued from infectious clone and aphid transmitted.

For the aphid transmission experiments: to acquire the virus, aphids were allowed a 48 h acquisition access period (AAP) on purified suspension of BMYV-2itb isolate or BMYV-EK clone. After the AAP, the aphids were transferred with a fine-tipped paint brush on transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana leaves (10 aphids per plant) for 96 h inoculation access period (IAP). Then, the aphids were killed by insecticide treatment and the virus detection by ELISA was performed 3 weeks later on systemic leaves.

For all the experiments below, the ELISA data were evaluated by means of the SAS 9.1 software (ANOVA method) followed by the Tukey test. The P value <0.05 indicated a significant difference.

Example 1

RNA silencing mechanism targets conserved sequences and induces their degradation. The most conserved sequences within Poleroviruses reside at the 3′ half of the RNA.

It is assumed that expression of the hairpin constructs having sequences deduced from conserved parts of the viral genome results (in planta) in the formation of dsRNA that is recognized and cut into duplexes of about 21-24 nts (siRNA) by the enzyme Dicer. Specific siRNAs will be loaded into a RISC complex (RNA induced silencing complex), that will on its turn target the homologous viral genomic RNA and induce degradation of the latter. As such, the virus metabolism will be severely impaired, and the symptoms of viral infection will be reduced. In the most favourable cases, total resistance will be obtained.

The inventors firstly generated two hairpins sequences derived from the viral 3′-end of the viral genome (BMYV).

The first construct harbored the CP (coat protein) sequence named hpCP and the second, the 3′ end of the RT (readtrough protein) sequence with the 3′ end non-coding sequence of BMYV genome called hpRT+Nc.

Both constructs were used to transform Arabidopsis thaliana plants and for each, ten independent transgenic lines were obtained and tested for their resistance against BMYV.

Plants expressing siRNA specific to the 3′ end of viral genome were challenged with the virus. None of the transgenic plant was resistant to BMYV whatever the hpCP or hpRT+Nc hairpin used.

Example 2

Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana encoding hpP0(u) constructs according to the invention were then challenged with BMYV-2itb isolate.

Six independent transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines were created that express the hpP0 (or hp0u) mRNA. Results obtained with the construct 1 (FIG. 4A) are summarized in FIG. 5. The statistical ANOVA analysis performed revealed existing differences within ELISA values of transgenic and wild type plants (p<0.0001). Tukey test revealed the absence of significant difference between transgenic lines whereas all lines were significantly different to Col0 Inf (p<0.05) revealing the resistance of the transgenic lines toward BMYV inoculation.

P0-specific siRNA molecules were detected in the six lines but in higher levels in three resistant lines (hpP0-9, -10 and -12). No siRNA were detected in the susceptible plants (Col 0).

These results point out that hpP0(u) constructs are suitable to induce PTGS in Arabidopsis thaliana plants and can induce BMYV resistance.

Example 3

The experiments from example 2 were repeated with the construct 2 (FIG. 4B) and with a higher number (eight) of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines challenged with BMYV-2itb isolate.

The results are summarized in FIG. 6. For this construct, excepted line hpP0beet-3, all lines were resistant to BMYV as confirmed by ANOVA and Tukey statistical analysis (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed between hpP0-12 and resistant hpP0beet lines. P0-specific siRNA molecules levels were found to be significantly higher in the resistant lines (hpP0beet-1, -2, -5, -7 and -8) than in the other lines.

Example 4

The results described in example 2 and in example 3 were repeated with both type of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines (hpP0-9, -10, -12, hpP0beet-2, -7 and -8) and two sources of inoculum (BMYV-EK or BMYV-2itb).

The results are represented in FIG. 7. All the transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines were found resistant to BMYV-EK inoculum (p<0.05). Transgenic lines respond differently toward BMYV-2itb isolate.

Taken together, these results indicate a better protection against BMYV when transgene contains the beet intron.

Induction of PTGS by the means of a hairpin construct thus seems to be a good source of resistance against a viral infection, and in particular against BMYV.

From the above examples, it appears that the pathogen-derived hpP0(u) resistance according to the invention is highly efficient.

The hpP0 constructs of the invention successfully induced pathogen-derived plant resistance. The tested hpP0 constructs all induced a degradation of genomic RNA via PTGS, which resulted in BMYV resistant plants.

Example 5

The inventors have tested the efficiency of other strategies using the construct hpCP comprising gene encoding the capsid protein of the BMYV genome and the 3′ distal sequence (hpRT+NC construct of the BMYV gene encoding RT protein followed by the non coding extremity of the viral BMYV RNA). The inventors have discovered unexpectedly that these two additional constructs were ineffective for inducing a viral resistance into a plant. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. An RNA construct consisting of a sense segment sequence and an antisense segment sequence having sequences deduced from P0 gene of Beet Mild Yellowing Virus (BMYV) genome, wherein said sense segment and said antisense segment sequences both comprise a nucleotide fragment of a nucleotide sequence having at least 95% sequence identity with the P0 gene as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17 from BMYV genome, wherein the fragment comprises more than 25 nucleotides and wherein the segment has a size lower than 1000 nucleotides, wherein the RNA construct is for silencing the expression of the P0 protein from BMYV.
 2. The RNA construct of claim 1, wherein the sense segment and/or antisense segment sequences further comprise a nucleotide fragment having at least 95% sequence identity with the 5′-end untranslated sequence (5′ UTR) adjacent to the P0 gene nucleotide sequence from the BMYV genome, as set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 1. 3. The RNA construct of claim 1, wherein the sense segment and antisense segment sequences further comprise a nucleotide fragment having at least 95% sequence identity with P1 gene of BMYV genome as set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 4. 4. The RNA construct according to claim 1, wherein the sense segment consists of the sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 and/or the antisense segment consists of the sequence SEQ ID NO:
 3. 5. The RNA construct according to claim 1 wherein the sense segment and antisense segment sequences further both comprise a nucleotide fragment having at least 95% sequence identity with the Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus (BNYVV) genome and wherein the sense segment comprises a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 5 and the antisense segment comprises a fragment of SEQ ID NO:
 6. 6. The construct according to claim 1, wherein the sense and antisense segments comprise more than 30 nucleotides.
 7. The construct according to claim 1, wherein the sense and antisense fragments comprise between 25 and 50 nucleotides.
 8. A DNA construct transcriptable into the RNA construct according to claim
 1. 9. A vector comprising the DNA construct according to claim
 8. 10. A double stranded self-complementary RNA molecule expressed by the DNA construct of claim 8, or the vector according to claim
 9. 11. A method for inducing tolerance or resistance, to at least the BMYV virus in a plant or a plant cell, the method comprising the steps of: preparing the vector according to claim 9, operably linked to one or more regulatory sequences active in the plant or the plant cell, and transforming the plant cell with the nucleic acid construct, thereby inducing resistance to at least the BMYV virus in the plant or in the plant cell.
 12. The method according to the claim 11, wherein the method further comprises inducing tolerance or resistance to another virus selected from the group consisting of the Turnip yellows virus, Curcubit aphid-borne yellows virus, Potato leafroll virus, Sugarcane yellow leaf virus, Pea Enation Mosaic Virus, Beet western yellows virus—USA, Beet chlorosis virus, Cereal yellow dwarf virus and BNYVV virus.
 13. A transgenic plant or a transgenic plant cell tolerant or resistant, to at least the BMYV virus and comprising the vector according to claim
 9. 14. The transgenic plant or transgenic plant cell of claim 13, wherein the transgenic plant is or transgenic plant cell is a sugar beet plant or cell.
 15. An RNA construct consisting of a sense segment sequence and an antisense segment sequence having sequences deduced from P0 gene of Beet Mild Yellowing Virus (BMYV) genome, wherein said sense segment and said antisense segment sequences both comprise a nucleotide fragment having at least 95% sequence identity with the P0 gene as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 from BMYV genome, wherein the fragment comprises more than 25 nucleotides and wherein the segment has a size lower than 1000 nucleotides, wherein the RNA construct is for silencing the expression of the P0 protein from BMYV.
 16. The RNA construct of claim 1, wherein the fragments have 100% identity with the P0 gene as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17 from BMYV genome.
 17. The RNA construct of claim 1, wherein the fragment comprises more than 50 nucleotides and wherein the segment has a size lower than 1000 nucleotides. 